Abstract: The looming threat of climate change is profoundly felt on all continents, stretching its influence to the deepest parts of oceans, resulting in significant reductions in biodiversity and biodiversity loss globally over the course of the last decade. These widespread climate extinctions, surpassing the historical geologic impacts of climate warming, are now looming on the horizon, casting a shadow of uncertainty over the future. Climate change, hand in hand with ocean acidification, stands as one of the most momentous global changes the world has ever witnessed, leaving an indelible mark on our planet and its intricate web of life. The ramifications of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem functions, as well as the services provided to humankind, are complex and can potentially lead to disastrous and unwelcome side effects. Natural ecosystems, often underappreciated, offer innumerable and invaluable services to humankind. These unassuming services include the provision of clean water supply, maintenance of drinkable and agricultural freshwater, protection of coastal zones, carbon sequestration and storage, pollination of crops and wild plants, nitrogen fixation, regulation of pests and diseases, nutrient recycling, and the creation of recreational opportunities. Ecosystem services, by their very nature, serve as a cornerstone for the well-being and survival of humanity. Without them, further development, or even the sustenance of current life on planet Earth, becomes an insurmountable challenge .

Abstract: Marine foundation species are the biotic basis for many of the world's coastal ecosystems, providing structural habitat, food, and protection for myriad plants and animals as well as many ecosystem services. However, climate change poses a significant threat to foundation species and the ecosystems they support. We review the impacts of climate change on common marine foundation species, including corals, kelps, seagrasses, salt marsh plants, mangroves, and bivalves. It is evident that marine foundation species have already been severely impacted by several climate change drivers, often through interactive effects with other human stressors, such as pollution, overfishing, and coastal development. Despite considerable variation in geographical, environmental, and ecological contexts, direct and indirect effects of gradual warming and subsequent heatwaves have emerged as the most pervasive drivers of observed impact and potent threat across all marine foundation species, but effects from sea level rise, ocean acidification, and increased storminess are expected to increase. Documented impacts include changes in the genetic structures, physiology, abundance, and distribution of the foundation species themselves and changes to their interactions with other species, with flow-on effects to associated communities, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. We discuss strategies to support marine foundation species into the Anthropocene, in order to increase their resilience and ensure the persistence of the ecosystem services they provide. 

Abstract: This  article  aims  to  explain  how  Marine  Space  Planning  (MSP) can bring  a future  of  sustainable  prosperity  to  Brazil;  show  its  importance  in  a  coastal  country  of approximately 7500 kilometers of coastal extension, of great influence of culture and customs coming  from  the  sea; explain  the  voluntary  implementation  process  in  Brazil  from  the beginning of the commitment established at the United Nations (UN) through the Conference of  The  Oceans  until  the  deadline  established;  provide  information  on  the  regulation  and management plan of maritime activities that will be distributed strategically. In addition, this article  is  going  to  address  a  successful example  that  will  show  how  this  approach  can  be applied in practice in different contexts to promote the conservation of marine space. Brazil is a  reference  for  the  exploration  of  activities  at  sea,  and  the  MSP  emerges as  a  potentiator  for the harmonization between economy, safety and environment in brazilian seas and oceans.

Abstract: The Blue Economy is a recent field of study that encompasses economic activities that depend on the sea, often associated with other economic sectors, including tourism, maritime transport, energy and fishing. Blue growth supports the sustainable growth of the maritime and marine sectors as the oceans and seas are engines of the global economy and have great potential for growth and innovation. This article undertakes a bibliometric analysis in the terms of Blue Economy (BE), Maritime Economy (MAE), Ocean Economy (OE), Marine Economy (ME), and Blue Growth (BG) to analyze the scientific production of this field of study. Analysis of the authors’ definitions of BE, BG, ME and OE provides interesting relationships divided into sustainability and governance; economics and ecosystem protection; industrial development and localization; and the growth of the ocean economy, with development as the central axis that encompasses them. The main contribution is to find out if there is a link between the BE and the CE through the keyword study. 

Abstract: The sea-level rise resulting from climate change worries the scientific community, island, and coastal states. Reports show that ocean elevation is approaching 1 meter in 2100 if the international community does not take urgent measures to tackle it. Given this scenario, the following problem was outlined: How is the relationship established between the International Law of the Sea and the International Climate Change Law concerning the processes of maritime boundary delimitation? With an analytical-conceptual methodology and an exploratory-bibliographic research technique, this scientific paper concluded that the relationship between International Law of the Sea and International Climate Change Law, under the maritime delimitation processes involving sea-level rise, reveals itself to be still fragile and premature, leaving the States to maintain the existing borders and to safeguard the advances made, whether through diplomatic negotiations or international judicial proceedings. 

Abstract: This Article examines Australia's attempt to protect whales in the Antarctic Southern Ocean, in an area that almost all states consider beyond national jurisdiction. Such an examination is important because of the apparently intractable divide on the issue in the International Whaling Commission. The Article begins by outlining the evolution of the Australian cultural and legal posture toward whaling. It also sets out current Australian whaling law, including the establishment of the Australian Whale Sanctuary in the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Australian mainland and external territories (including the purported Australian Antarctic Territory in the Southern Ocean). The Article then analyzes how municipal litigation has been deployed as a protection strategy in Australian courts by NGOs in an attempt to protect whales in the Antarctic Southern Ocean. The Article then turns attention to significant legal limits and problems connected to this strategy. Finally, the Article concludes by highlighting the benefits and costs associated with the unilateral Australian legal approach in the Southern Ocean. 

Abstract: The first ecosystem model that covers the complete food web of the western Baltic Sea predicts how marine life in the region would react to different fisheries scenarios and additional human-induced stressors. The model simulations reveal that ecosystem-based fisheries management would restore stocks of commercially relevant fish species and the endangered harbor porpoise population. Marine life would become more resilient, and options for additional carbon sequestration would open up, a team of marine scientists explains in a new study. 

Abstract: The port system is, since the arrival of Dom João VI in Brazil, the main means of communication with foreing trade the and therefore a major pillar of national economic development. Brazilian ports have undergone many changes, advances and setbacks over the years, so as to stay up to date with Brazilian political and social rhythm and allow the expansion of the domestic economy. However, recent years have made it clear that public ports are no longer managing to sustain the current commercial demand, since lack of infrastructure have become commonplace complaint within the Brazilian public port setting. With the announcement of a new port legislation in 2013, it was believed that this situation would change and there would be greater incentives pubic port system. The new law (Law 12.815/13), however, brought a distinctly text aimed at encouraging competition and commercial growth of private ports, which will compete directly with the public ports. This study is therefore to analyze the Brazilian port situation and the impacts generated by Law 12.815/13 in the port and national economic environment, demonstrating the possible unfair competition between private ports, financially strong, and the public ones, already lagged, a fact that may lead to the extinction of public ports and the establishment of a port private monopoly scenario. The methodology used was the bibliographical, using as theoretical framework the research conducted by Drs. Francisco de Morais e Silva, Alex Sandro Stein and Carla Adriana Comitre Gibertoni, as well as scientific and journalistic articles.

Abstract: Most marine animals, particularly marine mammals and fish, are very sensitive to sound. Noise can travel long distances underwater, blanketing large areas, and potentially preventing marine animals from hearing their prey or predators, finding their way, or connecting with mates, group members, or their young. Decreased species diversity in whales and dolphins was related to an increase in seismic noise. Naval sonar has killed individuals and perhaps even genetically-isolated local populations of whales. Invertebrates such as lobster, crab, and shrimp, also show noise impacts. Noise has deafened fish, produced dramatically reduced catch rates, caused stress responses, and interfered with fish communication, schooling, and possibly the selection of suitable habitat. Whales have moved from their feeding and breeding grounds, shown stress, and foraged less efficiently due to noise. Noise has been thought to contribute to several whale species’ population declines or lack of recovery. Many (at least 55) marine species have been shown to be impacted by ocean noise pollution to some degree. Thus, marine biodiversity is likely compromised by undersea anthropogenic noise. Noise levels are steadily rising, so ocean noise must be managed both nationally and internationally in a precautionary way before irreversible damage to biodiversity and the marine ecosystem occurs. 

Abstract: Maritime security is one of the latest buzzwords of international relations. Major actors have started to include maritime security in their mandate or reframed their work in such terms. Maritime security is a term that draws attention to new challenges and rallies support for tackling these. Yet, no international consensus over the definition of maritime security has emerged. Buzzwords allow for the international coordination of actions, in the absence of consensus. These, however, also face the constant risk that disagreements and political conflict are camouflaged. Since there are little prospects of defining maritime security once and for all, frameworks by which one can identify commonalities and disagreements are needed. This article proposes three of such frameworks. Maritime security can first be understood in a matrix of its relation to other concepts, such as marine safety, seapower, blue economy and resilience. Second, the securitization framework allows to study how maritime threats are made and which divergent political claims these entail in order to uncover political interests and divergent ideologies. Third, security practice theory enables the study of what actors actually do when they claim to enhance maritime security. Together these frameworks allow for the mapping of maritime security. 

Abstract: Bareboat, time and voyage chartering.